China has built more than 100 new facilities in Xinjiang where it can not only lock people up, but also force them to work in dedicated factory buildings right on site, BuzzFeed News can reveal based on government records, interviews, and hundreds of satellite images.

The Factories in the Camps

Forced Labour

China is forcing hundreds of thousands of Uyghurs and other minorities into hard, manual labour in the vast cotton fields of its western region of Xinjiang, according to new research seen by the BBC.  Based on newly discovered online documents, it provides the first clear picture of the potential scale of forced labour in the picking of a crop that accounts for a fifth of the world’s cotton supply and is used widely throughout the global fashion industry.

China’s ‘tainted’ cotton - forced labour in Xinjiang's cotton industry

A growing body of research has systematically documented Chinese efforts to imprison, detain, and re-educate ethnic Uyghur and minority groups throughout its western Xinjiang province. In this three-part investigation, RAND researchers explore new data on nighttime lighting in Xinjiang to offer new, empirical insights into the coordinated campaign beginning in 2016 to construct the vast majority of Xinjiang’s detention facilities over a multi-year period through mid-2019.

Investigating the Growth of Detention Facilities in Xinjiang Using Nighttime Lighting

Detention

Re-education

Surveillance

Cultural Destruction

In this report, we provide new evidence documenting the effectiveness of the Chinese government’s systematic efforts to reduce the size of the indigenous population of Xinjiang through a range of coercive birth-control policies.

Family De-planning: The Coercive Campaign to Drive Down Indigenous Birth-rates in Xinjiang

Xinjiang

ASPI

Cultural Genocide

The Chinese government has embarked on a systematic campaign to rewrite the cultural heritage of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR) in northwest China by desecrating or “rectifying” mosques and indigenous sacred sites.

This report maps over 900 mosques and other important Uyghur religious-cultural sites across Xinjiang, analyses their condition before and after 2017, and then used statistical extrapolation to estimate the full extent of their destruction and alteration.

Cultural erasure: Tracing the destruction of Uyghur and Islamic spaces in Xinjiang

Culture

ASPI researchers have identified and mapped more than 380 suspected detention facilities in Xinjiang, highlighting ‘re-education’ camps, detention centres and prisons that have been newly built or expanded since 2017. This is the largest database of Xinjiang’s detention facilities in existence, and we believe that it covers most such facilities.

Documenting Xinjiang’s detention system

A .zip collection of 380+ suspected detention facilities in Xinjiang and additional info for each one. This file will continue to be updated with new sites and information. 
v1.0

Detention Facilities (v1.0)

v1.01 - Minor changes and new sites added.

Cultural Destruction - Combined (v1.01)

Cultural Destruction - Damaged or Destroyed Subset (v1.01)

Knowledge centre

In Gongliu, an agricultural district in the turbulent Chinese region of Xinjiang, each village traditionally had its own mosque. Until, a few years ago, a demolition campaign was launched.

De Volkskrant reconstructed this wave of destruction on the basis of satellite images, witness statements, and research on site. The result: of the 66 mosques that stood in Gongliu in 2018, only 12 are still intact and in use today.

How China is destroying the Uyghur Mosques

Mosque

Forced observances of Han holidays are part of the CCP campaign to remake ethno-national loyalties among Turkic groups in Xinjiang.

Dragon Boat Festival and Chinese Nation-Building in Xinjiang

Colonization

Since 2017, the government of China has carried out massive and systematic abuses against Muslims living in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (Xinjiang). This report provides the most comprehensive account ever of life inside the internment camps. The evidence Amnesty International has gathered provides a factual basis for the conclusion that the Chinese government has committed at least the following crimes against humanity: imprisonment, torture, and persecution.

"Like We Were Enemies in a War" - China's mass Internment, Torture and Persecution of Muslims in Xinjiang

Eyewitness

Amid accusations of genocide from the West, new report says China’s policies could cut up to 4.5 million births of Uighurs and other minorities in Xinjiang.

China policies ‘could cut millions of Uighur births in Xinjiang’

Western countries have accused China of genocide for its treatment of the Uighurs in Xinjiang. Beijing claims that everything is just fine in the homeland of the Muslim minority. We went there to take a look for ourselves.

In the Sinister Disneyland of Xinjiang - China's Ongoing Oppression of the Uighurs

Since 2014, when Xinjiang’s authorities began carrying out the “Becoming Family” campaign (fanghuiju 访惠聚) and implementing the related “Four Togethers and Four Gifts” (si tong si song 四同四送) policies to guide mass work, a variety of blogs, travelogues, and news articles documenting this work have been published on the web.

Blogging Fanghuiju: State Surveillance, Propaganda Work, and Coerced Gratitude

China has highlighted an unlikely series of videos this year in which Uyghur men and women deny U.S. charges that Beijing is committing human rights violations against their ethnic group. In fact, a text obtained by the AP shows that the videos are part of a government campaign that raises questions about the willingness of those filmed.

Chinese authorities order video denials by Uyghurs of abuses

Technology

A woman raises a toast in a photo that appears to show four friends enjoying dinner together. The reality couldn't be more different.

The woman in the white ruffled shirt is Zumrat Dawut, an ethnic Uyghur from Urumqi, who fled China in 2019 to escape the alleged repression of Muslim minorities in Xinjiang.
Her four "guests" are Chinese government cadres who lived in her home for 10 days every month for two years before her family fled, she said.

The Chinese policy that makes Uyghurs feel like hostages in their own homes

The shifts in ethnic policy go well beyond Xinjiang. This is fundamental rethink of how the CCP manages ethnocultural diversity and its colonial possessions.

Beyond Xinjiang: Xi Jinping’s Ethnic Crackdown

Australian trade unions are calling for the federal government to invest in local manufacturing of solar energy components in Australia, amid growing concerns that solar products from China could be linked to forced labour.

Trade unions raise alarm over allegations of forced labour in Xinjiang production of solar components

Research by Stanford Law School’s Human Rights & Conflict Resolution Clinic and Human Rights Watch, along with reports by human rights organizations, the media, activist groups, and others, and internal Chinese Communist Party (CCP) documents, show that the Chinese government has committed—and continues to commit—crimes against humanity against the Turkic Muslim population. This report sets forth the factual basis for that conclusion, assessing available information about Chinese government 

“Break Their Lineage, Break Their Roots” - China’s Crimes against Humanity Targeting Uyghurs and Other Turkic Muslims

The daughter of a missing Uyghur intellectual is speaking out from her adopted home in Kobe, Japan, in a bid to save her father. Until now, Bulbulnaz Jalalidin has kept quiet out of concern for her safety and that of her father Abduqadir Jalalidin. He has been missing for three years, and is believed to be one of an estimated one million Uyghurs detained by Chinese authorities.

Daughter’s anguish over missing Uyghur scholar

Beijing calls it "the lie of the century", but Chinese websites have adverts for Uighur labour, in batches of 50 to 100 people.

Batches of 50 to 100 Uyghur workers are being advertised on the Chinese internet

The world’s green power surge depends on polysilicon made in China’s remote Northwest. No one really knows what’s going on inside the facilities.

Secrecy and Abuse Claims Haunt China’s Solar Factories in Xinjiang

As mass detentions and surveillance dominate the lives of China’s Uyghurs and Kazakhs, a woman struggles to free herself.

Surviving the Crackdown in Xinjiang

Nearly four years ago, Uyghur parents studying or making a living abroad began living a recurring nightmare. Many had left one or more children in the care of family members in their hometowns back in northwestern China’s Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (Xinjiang). They could not know at the time that China was about to launch an unprecedented crackdown on ethnic populations in Xinjiang that would have a horrific impact on the lives of what is estimated to be thousands of parents just like the

Hearts and Lives Broken - The nightmare of Uyghur families separated by repression

The European Union, Britain, Canada and the United States on Monday launched coordinated sanctions against officials in China over human rights abuses in the far western Xinjiang region, provoking swift retaliation from Beijing.

EU, US, UK, Canada target China officials over Uyghur abuses

Uncategorized

It was supposed to be a routine trip home to Xinjiang for Mamutjan Abdurehim's wife and two children. That was five years ago. He says he hasn't seen them since.

Beijing's crackdown in Xinjiang has separated thousands of children from their parents, new report claims. CNN found two of them

As well as investigating New Zealand business and political relationships with controversial Chinese companies, Deleted hears Uyghur New Zealanders’ stories about family members who have disappeared under China’s brutal crackdown. Deleted was produced with the support of NZ On Air.

Deleted - How New Zealand is implicated in the persecution of Uyghurs in China

Barbed wire and hundreds of cameras ring a massive compound of more than 30 dormitories, schools, warehouses and workshops in China’s far west. Dozens of armed officers and a growling Doberman stand guard outside. Behind locked gates, men and women are sewing sportswear that can end up on U.S. college campuses and sports teams.

US sportswear traced to factory in China’s internment camps

The American business community is determined not to comment on the crackdown in Xinjiang — atrocities the U.S. government has deemed a genocide. But how long can their silence last?

The Xinjiang Silence

This report is the first independent expert application of the 1948 Genocide Convention to the ongoing treatment of the Uyghurs in China. It was undertaken in response to emerging accounts of serious and systematic atrocities in Xinjiang province, particularly directed against the Uyghurs, an ethnic minority, to ascertain whether the People’s Republic of China is in breach of the 

The Uyghur Genocide: An Examination of China’s Breaches of the 1948 Genocide Convention

Population Control

For 16 hours, people in a Clubhouse room called “Is there a concentration camp in Xinjiang?” spoke freely, centering the discussion on those most harmed by state violence. Even while it was happening, the conversation felt historic — and worth preserving.

‘Truth and reconciliation’: Excerpts from the Xinjiang Clubhouse

This report provides new evidence from Chinese sources, notably previously untranslated documents such as the “Nankai Report”, that Xinjiang’s labor transfers to other regions or provinces in China meet the forced labor definition of the International Labor Organization (ILO). The report develops a process-focused evaluation model for evaluating coercion at each stage of the labor transfer program.

Coercive Labor and Forced Displacement in Xinjiang’s Cross-Regional Labor Transfer Program

China's policy of transferring hundreds of thousands of Uighurs and other ethnic minorities in Xinjiang to new jobs often far from home is leading to a thinning out of their populations, according to a high-level Chinese study seen by the BBC.

'If the others go I'll go': Inside China's scheme to transfer Uighurs into work

Xinjiang’s Muslim minorities have been moved to factories thousands of kilometres away to sever their ties to home and undermine their culture, internal documents and Chinese researchers reveal

Thousands of Uyghur workers in China are being relocated in an effort to assimilate Muslims, documents show

The CCP, fringe media and US social media platforms play a role in shaping the Chinese government's global narrative on Xinjiang. A new ASPI ICPC report details how the Chinese government's denials of human rights abuses and other disinformation on Xinjiang are coordinated and promoted around the world.

Strange Bedfellows on Xinjiang: The CCP, fringe media and US social media platforms

What makes the case in Xinjiang unique is that the digital enclosure of Uyghur and Kazakh space also harnesses state power and private textile manufacturers to hold them in place in factories—producing a permanent underclass of ethno-racial minority industrial workers. Rather than banishing populations to peripheral ghettos or prisons, in this context terror capitalism works to explicitly “reeducate” the population as industrial workers and implement a forced labor program. 

The Digital Enclosure of Turkic Muslims

The Chinese government has increased its groundless prosecutions with long prison sentences for Uyghurs and other Muslims in recent years in China’s Xinjiang region, Human Rights Watch said today. Since the Chinese government escalated its repressive “Strike Hard Campaign against Violent Terrorism” in late 2016, the region’s formal criminal justice system has convicted and sentenced more than 250,000 people.

China: Baseless Imprisonments Surge in Xinjiang

In 2017, detentions of Uighurs, Kazakhs, Hui, and other minorities began to escalate. The first wave targeted Uighur imams and the religiously devout. Soon, prominent academics, novelists, and film directors were also taken into custody. Police and security officers used broad pretexts to justify the detentions, including travelling abroad, having a beard, and owning a prayer rug. A New Yorker long investigation into 'the largest internment of ethnic and religious minorities since World War II'.

Inside Xinjiang’s Prison State: Survivors of China’s campaign of persecution reveal the scope of the devastation

Dahua has 'real time' race detection and Uyghur tracking in its facial recognition technology code. 

Dahua Provides "Uyghur Warnings" To China Police

Women in China's "re-education" camps for Uighurs have been systematically raped, sexually abused, and tortured, according to detailed new accounts obtained by the BBC.

'Their goal is to destroy everyone': Uighur camp detainees allege systematic rape

This report is part of a series that CSIS’s Human Rights Initiative is producing to identify how businesses, governments, multilateral organizations, NGOs, and other actors can work together to address forced labor linked to the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. This report first explores the need for supply chain traceability, current approaches, and the challenges the apparel and textile industry faces with forced labor in the XUAR context as well as new tracing technologies. 

New Approaches to Supply Chain Traceability: Implications for Xinjiang and Beyond

A patent application authored by Huawei and the PRC government includes Uyghur-detection analytics, in the latest proof that the China tech giant uses this explicitly racist technology.  IPVM has found that Huawei, Megvii, and several other PRC tech companies have filed patents in China for various devices and systems for ethnic minority detection. 

Patenting Uyghur Tracking - Huawei, Megvii, More

A leaked Chinese police database, the product of a reporting tool developed by private defense company Landasoft and used by the Chinese government to facilitate police surveillance of citizens in Xinjiang, includes detail about many elements of the arrests and large-scale internment of Uyghurs and other ethnic minorities. 


Millions of Leaked Police Files Detail Suffocating Surveillance of China’s Uyghur Minority

This is the second in a series of five articles highlighting the massive expansion of the prison system in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region that has taken place in recent years. The prisons have been running in parallel with the much-covered concentration camps (“vocational training centers”) and possess many of the same traits, interning hundreds of thousands without real due process and engaging in labor exploitation. 

The Elephant in the XUAR Pt2: Brand new prisons, expanding old prisons, & hundreds of thousands of new inmates

A new report shows some of the world’s biggest solar companies work with the Chinese government to absorb workers from Xinjiang, programs that are often seen as a red flag for forced labor including  GCL-Poly, East Hope Group, Daqo New Energy, Xinte Energy and Jinko Solar. 

Chinese Solar Companies Tied to Use of Forced Labor

Facing international outcry over its testing of a ‘Uighur alarm’ system, Huawei says it is committed to human rights ‘at the highest level.’ But the tech giant has worked with others to build products touted as capable of identifying ethnicity. Huawei has worked with dozens of security contractors to develop surveillance products, some of which were touted as being able to identify a person’s ethnicity or to help suppress potential protests, according to company marketing documents. 

Huawei worked on several surveillance systems promoted to identify ethnicity, documents show

A big data program for policing in China’s Xinjiang region arbitrarily selects Turkic Muslims for possible detention, Human Rights Watch said today. A leaked list of over 2,000 detainees from Aksu prefecture provided to Human Rights Watch is further evidence of China’s use of technology in its repression of the Muslim population. The big data program, the Integrated Joint Operations Platform (IJOP), apparently flagged the people on the Aksu List, whom officials then sent to 're-education camps.

China: Big Data Program Targets Xinjiang’s Muslims

Uniview, the PRC's third-largest video surveillance manufacturer and a major supplier of China police projects, has racist software used for tracking Uyghurs, IPVM has found. China's three largest security camera manufacturers have all been caught offering racist software. Earlier this month, Dahua was caught using Uyghur analytics and last year Hikvision promoted a Uyghur-detecting AI camera. This shows how PRC video surveillance manufacturers profit from the systematic oppression of Uyghurs.

Uniview Racist Uyghur Recognition Revealed

More than 1 million Uighurs, an ethnic-Muslim minority in China, are being detained in hundreds of Chinese detention facilities and camps, where there are reports of widespread torture and detentions that have evolved into forced labor. The US Department of Homeland Security is now banning products thought to be made in China by forced Uighur labor.

U.S. takes aggressive steps against China for forcing Uighurs into labor

Around 9.5 million Han Chinese live in Xinjiang, making up about 40% of the region's population. How do they view Beijing's policies of surveillance and Uyghur reeducation? “They don’t treat people as human beings. In Xinjiang, if you are not a government worker, your life will be more and more difficult going forward,” he said. It is this prospect that is pushing Xinjiang Han to either accept their role in the reeducation campaign or to leave.

‘The atmosphere has become abnormal’: Han Chinese views from Xinjiang

In this report it is argued based on government documents that the state’s long-term stability maintenance strategy in Xinjiang is predicated upon a perverse and extremely intrusive combination of forced training and labor, intergenerational separation and social control over family units. Much of this is being implemented under the heading and guise of “poverty alleviation”.

Beyond the Camps: Beijing’s Long-Term Scheme of Coercive Labor, Poverty Alleviation and Social Control in Xinjiang

This article examines the inscription of meshrep (mäshräp), an important Uyghur cultural practice, on UNESCO’s list of intangible cultural heritage and its subsequent co-optation by the Chinese government to ‘counter extremism’ and promote national integration.

How Uyghur cultural practices are being politicized and co-opted in Xinjiang

Government documents reveal new evidence on China’s efforts to monitor Its people. ChinaFile’s analysis of some 76,000 government procurement notices and corresponding documents related to the purchases of surveillance technology by both central and local governments across China between 2004 and mid-May 2020 is the most comprehensive accounting of China’s surveillance build-up to date. To what degree is Xinjiang a model for the rest of the People’s Republic of China? 

State of Surveillance

A New York Times video investigation identified Chinese companies using a contentious labor program for Uighurs to satisfy demand for personal protective equipment; some of which ended up in the United States and other countries.

China Is Using Uyghur Labor to Produce Face Masks

How do we explain the radical shift in the Chinese Communist Party’s policies in the frontier region of Xinjiang, where more than one million Uyghurs and other Muslim minorities are now interned in prison-like re-education camps? Based on a close reading of official sources, this article explores the evolution of China’s mass internment strategy and the key policy-drivers, institutions, and actors in Xinjiang policy over the last decade.

The Spectre of Insecurity: The CCP’s Mass Internment Strategy in Xinjiang

A confidential document has indicated that the German government is aware of human rights violations in China's Xinjiang region, and warns that Uighurs deported back to China may disappear "indefinitely." The human rights situation in China's northwestern Xinjiang region has "markedly worsened" in recent years, according to a confidential document compiled by the German Foreign Ministry that was leaked to DW. Since late 2016, there has been an "alarming increase" in repressive measures. 

German report spells out China human rights abuses against Uyghur Muslims

How should the US and other foreign governments tackle the forced labor problem? A realistic intermediate aim of anti-forced labor policy toward China would be to scare corporations into investing the resources to monitor their supply chains and eat higher production costs to ensure their suppliers’ workers are free. Jordan Schneider lists the tools for governments and the United Nations to combat Xinjiang's forced labour issue. 

What to do about Xinjiang

Factories of Turkic Muslim internment, part of China’s reeducation camp system, are subsidized and directed by the state, and employ many former detainees at a fraction of minimum wage. Companies, both Chinese and foreign, are taking advantage.

How companies profit from forced labor in Xinjiang

The interactive multimedia web experience explores the state of alienation felt by Uyghur Muslims who have fled persecution in China’s Xinjiang province and are attempting to rebuild their lives in Istanbul. About one million Uighur Muslims and other ethnic minorities are believed to be held against their will in Xinjiang in what human rights groups call “concentration camps”. Fearing the same fate for their loved ones back home, they have been forced to cut off contact with their families.

Living in the Unknown: A multimedia investigation

An investigation by Taiwanese magazine 'Reporter' which found the victims of the "re-education camps" in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region are not only minority groups. In the process of tracing the truth across the country, "Reporter" learned that the family of a Han victim was trying to contact an international organization for her family who had been imprisoned and is now under house arrest, and the Han group who also lost their freedom in Xinjiang For help.

'Han families are also in concentration camps': Report

The Economist investigates the children left behind in Xinjiang. So many parents have been locked up that officials struggle to cope with the left-behind children. 

Orphaned by the state: How Xinjiang’s gulag tears families apart

“If I speak out, they will torture my family”: voices of Uyghurs in exile. The Uyghur diaspora lives in fear of the Chinese state. This journalist spent months recording the stories of London’s nervous community.

“If I speak out, they will torture my family”: Voices of Uyghurs in exile.

A collection of visual assets, documents and data relating to our Cultural Erasure report.

Media Package – Xinjiang's Cultural Erasure

ASPI International Cyber Policy Centre’s newly launched​ ​Xinjiang Data Project​ ​brings together rigorous, empirical research on the human rights situation in Xinjiang. It focuses on a core set of topics including mass internment camps, surveillance and emerging technologies, forced labour and supply chains, the ‘re-education’ campaign and deliberate cultural destruction.

The Xinjiang Data Project: Quantifying cultural erasure and documenting the detention system

Cultural Destruction - Other Cultural Sites (v1.0)

Cultural Destruction - Mosques (v1.0)

Researchers at ASPI’s International Cyber Policy Centre have now located, mapped and analysed 380 suspected detention facilities in Xinjiang, making it the most comprehensive data on Xinjiang’s detention system in the world. This new database highlights ‘re-education’ camps, detention centres, and prisons which have been newly built or expanded since 2017, and we believe it covers most such detention facilities.

New ASPI research: 'Documenting Xinjiang’s detention system' (in Uyghur)

A zipped media package with visual assets and information about our Documenting Xinjiang's Detention Facilties research output.

Warning: This is a large file with videos. 

Media Package - Documenting Xinjiang's Detention Facilities

A .zip collection of 61 suspected detention facilities in Xinjiang that have expanded since mid-2019, and additional info for each one. This file will continue to be updated with new sites and information. 
v1.0

Detention Facilities - Expanded Camps Subset (v1.0)

The Xinjiang Documentation Project offers a variety of reports from different perspectives on the ongoing events in Xinjiang. The project curates a range of resources and documents including timelines, key documents, translations and media links. 

The UBC Xinjiang Documentation Project

Official Documents

New ASPI research: 'Documenting Xinjiang’s detention system'

Download and read the classified documents at the heart of the China Cables on the ICIJ website.

Read the China Cables Documents

Leaks

China cables

This ICIJ investigation demonstrates how the man who signed China’s confidential plans for sweeping extrajudicial detentions and internment camps in Xinjiang had a “lot of ground experience in the trickiest parts of Xinjiang.”

Xinjiang’s architect of mass detention: Zhu Hailun

Urdu translation of the leaked China Cables telegram document.

چائنا کیبلز: ٹیلیگرام کے بارے میں دستاویزات خارج ہوگئیں

Urdu translation of the leaked China Cables IJOP daily bulletin documents.

چائنا کیبلز: "مربوط مشترکہ کارروائی کے پلیٹ فارم" کے بارے میں شائع شدہ بلیٹن

Urdu translation of the leaked China Cables court case documents.

چائنا کیبلز: عدالت سے متعلق کیس سے متعلق دستاویزات خارج ہوگئیں

Russian translation of the leaked China Cables telegram document.

китайские депеши: Утечка документов телеграммы

Russian translation of the leaked China Cables daily bulletin documents.

китайские депеши: Утечка ежедневных бюллетени Совместной комплексной операционной платформы

Russian translation of the leaked China Cables court case documents.

китайские депеши: Утечка документов судебного дела

Malay translation of the leaked China Cables telegram document.

China Cables: Dokumen telegram yang bocor

Malay translation of the leaked China Cables daily bulletin documents.

China Cables: Bocor "Buletin" setiap hari dari Platform Operasi Bersama Bersepadu

Malay translation of the leaked China Cables court case documents.

China Cables: Dokumen kes mahkamah yang bocor

Indonesian translation of the leaked China Cables telegram document.

China Cables: Dokumen telegram bocor

Indonesian translation of the leaked China Cables daily bulletin documents.

China Cables: Dokumen "Buletin" harian yang bocor dari Platform Operasi Gabungan Terpadu

Indonesian translation of the leaked China Cables court case documents.

China Cables: Dokumen kasus pengadilan bocor

French translation of the leaked China Cables telegram document.

China Cables: Fuite de documents de télégramme

French translation of the leaked China Cables IJOP daily bulletin documents.

China Cables: Fuite des documents du bulletin quotidien IJOP

French translation of the leaked China Cables court case documents.

China Cables: Fuites de documents judiciaires

Arabic translation of the leaked China Cables telegram document.

البرقيات الصينية: وثائق برقية مسربة

Arabic translation of the leaked China Cables IJOP daily bulletin documents.

البرقيات الصينية: النشرة اليومية المسربة لمنصة التشغيل المشتركة المتكاملة

Arabic translation of the leaked China Cables court case documents.

البرقيات الصينية: وثائق قضية محكمة مسربة

An in depth oral history of Xinjiang's detention system based on eyewitness and survivor accounts.

Knowledge centre

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